The stock market’s frenzied two day game of sector rotation, the backwards push from the heretofore exalted new economy stocks into the forgotten downtrodden denizens of the old economy, took a breather on Friday. The NASDAQ Composite continued the recovery that it began Thursday afternoon, gaining 80.74 on the day and ending its two-day spell below its 21-day moving average to close at 4798.13. The Dow Industrials took the opposite road. The index never recovered after it ran headlong into the twin obstacles of resistance at 10750 and its 55-day moving average, reversing mid-morning to end the day down 35.37 at 10595.23.

The key question going into next week will be whether today marked the end of the old economy’s brief tenure in the leadership chair, or merely a brief pause in a sustainable rally.

The briefly battered but never panicked parabolic superstars: the tech stocks, Internets, and biotechs, may regain a bit of their former luster as the quarter winds to a close. The public’s love affair with the over hyped technology sector remains intact despite this week’s carnage. The latest figures from AMG Data Services show that the lion’s share of fund inflows continued to find their way to the technology and aggressive growth sectors in the week ended March 15th, with technology funds picking up $2.4 billion and aggressive growth funds adding $2.6 billion.

These inflows are likely to continue into mid-April, providing a temporary safety net for the overextended darlings of young and old.

The tech sector will also receive a boost from our old friend: the window dressing portfolio manager. While we are looking for value in the likes of Goodyear, Sears, J.C. Penney and their ilk, the average retail investor is unlikely to be impressed by this downtrodden trio, preferring instead the overpriced delusions of grandeur that a portfolio laden with the likes of Ariba, eBay, Sun Microsystems, and Cisco offers. The average portfolio manager will oblige the media driven wishes of investors in his funds, giving the tech sector a late month boost.

As we have said before, we expect the tech sector rally to continue until mid-April when seasonal factors will begin to work against the sector, making this week’s bloodbath seem like child’s play as the summer begins.

With the tech sector’s parabolic rise nearing the climax of the blowoff top it began late last Fall, are we rushing to place our bets on this week’s leaders, the revitalized rust belt cyclicals, consumer goods makers, and brokerages?

The answer: a resounding No.

Three familiar (and perhaps not so familiar) names argue against diving headlong into the suddenly reborn old economy stocks: Alan Greenspan, Procter & Gamble, and H.B. Fuller.

Soap maker Procter & Gamble and chemicals maker H.B. Fuller issued separate earnings warnings earlier this month—warnings with a common thread: rising raw materials costs and the strength of the dollar against the Euro. We expect to see many more companies fall short of expectations in the coming weeks as this quarter’s twin rise in oil prices and the dollar wreaks havoc on the bottom lines of many old economy stocks and companies with a heavy exposure to Europe.

We have been saying for many months that the bubbling undercurrent of inflationary pressures building below the surface would leave many companies with two options, neither of which is good news for investors: companies faced with rising raw materials prices would be forced to either pass along price increases to the consumer or they would be forced to eat the added costs, with profit margins taking a hit. At this point, it appears many companies have been forced to choose the latter option. . The key question becomes how long will companies be able to absorb the effects of rising intermediate and crude goods prices before they are forced to pass the increases onto their customers.

Margin pressures caused by rising raw materials costs are likely to continue into at least the second quarter, and possibly beyond. Thursday’s release of the February PPI numbers showed an acceleration in inflationary pressures in intermediate goods and crude goods, with intermediate goods rising a stronger than expected 0.8% for the month and crude goods jumping 4.7%. The 0.8% gain in intermediate goods prices was the largest increase since a 1.1% gain in January 1995. Intermediate goods prices are up 5.3% over the past year—a fact that will not go unnoticed by the Fed at Tuesday’s meeting…

...and perhaps it is only this need to belong, to feel part of the festivities,  to share in the holiday spirit, to give something back, that can account for Tuesday's less than sagacious Fed peace offering of a symmetric directive to the assembled euphoric tribes of the speculative bubble.

Granted the wording of the Fed's statement hinted of rate hikes yet to come, but to a stock market which has grown myopic and has developed a tendency to focus on one word, idea, or bit of data, at the expense of the larger picture, the words "no change in bias" are a license to soar skyward unfettered from the chains of the wall of worry.

While the boost of confidence provided by the Fed's officially neutral  stance will help avert short term market turbulence in the runup to Y2K, we have to question the wisdom of a short sighted policy that in its desire to avoid short term pain is helping to set the stage for the financial markets to suffer through a far greater degree of pain down the road.

By not seeking to halt the further development of the market's current state of frenzied euphoria,  Greenspan & Co have fallen far behind the curve--not the inflation curve, but the curve of avoiding the unstoppable market meltdown that inevitably is bred when euphoria is allowed to run unchecked.

The Fed's booster shot to complacency will make their job that much harder in the new year.  The Fed's careful handholding of the markets has made its three rate hikes this year for naught.  With 30-year yields approaching 6.5% and no sign of an ebbing of demand in sight, the Fed will be forced to abandon the days of quarter point hikes and deliver harsher medicine--and there is no guarantee that one dose of 50 basis points will do the trick.

The Fed's unwillingness to act to prevent the further growth of a dangerously speculative environment has set the stage for the pendulum to ultimately swing much further to the downside than it otherwise would have needed to, and in the process, the Fed has lost the window of opportunity that it had to bring the economy in for a soft landing.

Unseasonably warm November days are a study in contrasts in our little town on the Hudson.  In the center of the village, workers transforming the town into a winter wonderland  decorate the holiday tree in Rockefeller Center as tourists in summery shorts and t-shirts stop to gawk.  At the southern tip of the town, where the deep canyons of power cascade down to the Battery, the Tulips are in full bloom and the Bears have retreated into deep hibernation.

The second blossoming of the Tulips should come as no surprise because the mood in our town recently has been eerily reminiscent of the carefree days of last Spring, that time when the days were spent frolicking in the sun without a care in the world, that time when Fed induced interest rate jitters had yet to cast a black cloud over the landscape.

When the summertime jitters finally departed earlier this month, it was no surprise that all soon reverted to how it had been before their appearance--no surprise because throughout the summer of discontent the word capitulation never entered the vernacular.

Without capitulation, without a widespread sense of fear, there was nowhere to go but up when the last shackle of uncertainty was lifted--nowhere to go but back to the crowd pleasing favorites of Spring.

Thus, it should have come as no surprise that the crowds soon returned to the land where the promises of analysts are great but the potential delivery of meaningful profits is barren:  the Internet stocks.  For those with a little knowledge of the market's past, and for those who have been through a major top or two, this return to the most speculative of the bunch also should have come as no surprise because this is where the crowd most often congregates during those times when it seems nothing can go wrong, those times when sentiment skyrockets and all clamber to get aboard a streaking train of seemingly limitless profits to be made, those times that go down in the history books as a blowoff top.

Despite today's selloff by the major averages, we don't think the end of the trajectory has been reached yet--there is still a long line of people rushing to throw their money at the crowd pleasing wonder stocks of the day.  Thus, we think there is most likely one last gasp left in this parabolic juggernaut before the building list of negatives bubbling beneath the surface force a retreat from la-la land--a retreat that could very well start with the release of the November employment numbers.

With the phrase "this time it's different"  once again returning to the tip of every pundit's tongue and with the boldest of learned camera hungry gurus now seeing NASDAQ 4300 just over the horizon, now is perhaps the time to stop and reflect, because "this time it's the same".

The scenes of frenzied crowds in an accelerating rush to participate, of commentators unanimously proclaiming the all clear sign, of novice traders growing careless as a runaway trend gives them false hope in their abilities as traders, the chants of "It's a New Era, this time it's different", the mass exodus of the bearish into hibernation, the air thick with complacency--we've seen them all before, collectively they're known as the end of a major trend.

This time around, market history is holding true to course.  Extreme levels of complacency have instilled a sense of permanence, a sense that nothing can go wrong, a blindness to all that conflicts, a complete unawareness of signs of trouble brewing--a state of market psychology we affectionately refer to around here as the Blinded Superman Syndrome.

The greatest enemy of those afflicted with the Blinded Superman Syndrome is, of course, the continued pressure of the crowd as mass opinion feeds on itself, creating a blindness to any potential potholes in the road ahead.

As Winter approaches, and sentiment retraces the path of the Spring, there is a growing list of potentially trend reversing factors building momentum just beneath the surface: from a still strong economy and ever tighter labor market to surging oil prices and rising intermediate goods products prices, from rising bond yields and a rebound in consumer confidence to increasingly narrow breadth and an advance/decline line that is rapidly sinking back towards its lows.

Perhaps the greatest threat to the market going forward is the tech stocks themselves, where extreme levels of bullishness have left the market with no room to maneuver in the event the wildest of expectations are not met.

With the valuation levels of many leading NASDAQ stocks now discounting all expected earnings growth into the early years of the next century, it should be remembered that the technology sector's ability to make it through this quarter without suffering the effects of a Y2K related slowdown is still very much up in the air.

The October Durable Goods report showed a 15.3% plunge in orders for electronic equipment, the largest decline in 2 1/2 years.  Shipments of electronic goods fell 1.1%, their third straight decline.  While one month's durable goods report does not make a trend, the NASDAQ's recent runup has left it in an extremely vulnerable position in the event that October's slowdown in orders continues into the quarter's last two months.

Welcome to the latest chapter in the decade's longest running show, The Great Bull Market of the '90's, a chapter which opened as expected with the FOMC raising rates by 25 basis points and moving to a neutral bias, with the added twist of a 25 basis point hike in the discount rate thrown in for good measure.

Welcome to a world where complacency has gone off the top end of the scale, where the wall of worry has evaporated, and where all of the good news is already discounted. In short, welcome to a world where, in the short term, momentum and crowd euphoria are strong enough to carry stocks to new absurdities of valuation, but where, in the longer term, the cheers are likely to be replaced by the ominous hissing sound of air escaping from a bubble as euphoria runs headlong into the unexpected.

The Fed did as expected, and the stock market answered with the expected, a powerful rally borne of relief and complacency that carried the S&P 500 and NASDAQ Composite to new records.  For the NASDAQ, it was but one of a string of recent new highs, for the S&P 500, it was the first new record in nearly 5 months.  The Dow Industrials, while failing to participate in the day's round of record setting closing highs, did manage to break above resistance at 10860, setting the stage for it too to reach for the heavens in the not too distant future.

The current euphoric state of investors could very well set off a broad based short-term rally that carries the market well past its old highs, but the future is unlikely to be nearly as bright for the effervescent U.S. equity market.

Although an equity market valued at more than 1.6 times GDP is more than a concern, valuation levels will not be the pin that pricks the bubble.  While we would have no qualms in placing a bet that the current stratospheric P/E ratios of market darlings Applied Materials (60.6), Cisco Systems (136.2), General Electric (43.6), Home Depot (55.4), Lucent Technologies (70.4), Microsoft (61.4), and Sun Microsystems (99.7), will be significantly lower and perhaps cut in half a year from now, these valuation levels will not be the downfall of euphoria.

No, rather euphoria is likely to die because of a certain incompatibility that has developed in the marketplace: an incompatibility between  the current belief that the Fed's job is done, and soaring stock prices and falling bond yields.  The Fed's job can not be considered to be complete until the economic imbalances that prompted its first rate hike have eased.

Perhaps the key phrase from the FOMC's policy announcement to keep in mind going forward is "the expansion of activity continues in excess of the economy's growth potential". Although the market is celebrating what it believes to be the end of the current rate hike cycle, further rate hikes can not be ruled out as long as the current conditions of unsustainable above capacity growth and labor market tightness continue.

With the wealth effect still very much alive and closely correlated to the direction of stock prices and to a lesser degree interest rates, as the recent  rises in consumer sentiment and mortgage applications that occurred simultaneously with a sharp stock market rally and a steep drop in long term interest rates shows, it is unlikely that a scenario of "no more rate hikes" will be able to coexist with a continuation of the recent rallies in the stock and bond markets.

In order for the prevailing wisdom that "3 did the trick" to translate into reality, it will be necessary for consumer demand to ease, a scenario which will likely only occur if the wealth effect is thrown into reverse: i.e. a rise in bond yields and a fall in stock prices puts a strong enough damper on consumer confidence that the consumer is forced to think twice before pulling out the pocketbook.

In order for a drop in consumer confidence to erase the possibility of further rate hikes, the drop in domestic consumer demand must be of a large enough magnitude that it negates the growth spurring effects of accelerating global economic growth.  Not until the net demand for goods and services eases from its current blistering pace and translates into a lower demand for new workers will the danger of wage pressures developing be erased, and as long as the threat of an acceleration in wage pressures remains, the potential for further rate hikes will exist.

While the Fed has made its last rate hike of the year, it has more than likely not made its last rate hike of the current cycle.  After the Fed takes a momentary respite in deference to potential Y2K related problems, we expect further rate hikes to follow next year--a scenario which is not at all discounted by the stock market.

Hope springs eternal, especially when it has a 12 year track record of profitably rewarding the faithful. Although hope is eternal, the medium in which it is embraced by, and conveyed to, an eagerly awaiting populace is not, rather it changes with the passing of time.  In every era there is a new guiding light, a beacon that calms and provides sustenance, drawing the crowd in, giving them the faith to press forward despite mounting risks, to overcome their fears, to climb to yet higher heights, to set new records.

Once upon a time, in an era far removed but yet very similar to today, in a time when today's average portfolio manager was knee high and spent his days dreaming of the video arcade rather than stocks and bonds, in a time when the bulk of the money invested in today's market had yet to enter, in a time before technology had rewritten the rules of market history, the public found a new source of hope, a new bulletproof method of mitigating risk, a sure fire way to always win and never lose.

This new practice helped build confidence, instilling in citizens near and far the belief that the good times would always come, that the only thing to fear was not being in the market, that the risk of suffering unforeseen career ending losses was a thing of the past.  The time was the summer of 1987, and Portfolio Insurance was king of the hill.

The days of Portfolio Insurance's reign proved to be numbered however as subsequent events caused the public to move on, to seek a new method that would provide them with the necessary hope needed to climb new peaks and would at the same time quell the debilitating fear of risk.

The search for a new method proved to be a short one, and the successor to Portfolio Insurance has enjoyed a long and profitable tenure.  Since the dark days of October 1987, Buying on the Dips has become the public's guiding light, providing investors with an increasing sense of confidence and at the same time diminishing their fear of catastrophic loss, providing them with the same sense of comfort that Portfolio Insurance once gave to their predecessors.

Despite the stock market's recent decline and five months of interest rate uncertainty, this faith in Buying on the Dips remains as strong as ever, and confidence in the ability of the market to replicate the above-historical trend success of the past 5 years remains strong, with many investors clinging to the belief that "you can't lose money by investing in the stock market, it always goes up". 

Part 11

After sitting patiently on the sidelines for two days, a restlessness began to stir in many investors on Thursday, a desire to participate.  Better than expected results from Apple and Altera caused the initial spark, a healthy report from Boeing, declines in Oil and the CRB (and yes, in coffee prices) and a better than expected headline Retail Sales figure fanned the flames of hope.  After the Dow Industrials bounced off the September lows, reversing their morning decline, the urge to participate grew irresistible, and the talk grew louder that a bottom was in place.

To many investors, it was time to execute their time tested strategy, it was time to Buy on the Dip, a feeling that only grew stronger after Sun Microsystems released better than expected earnings after the bell.

But was it really time to buy on the dip?

Leaving aside for the moment Alan Greenspan's post-close chatter of tulip mania and asset bubbles, talk which has pushed the S&P futures to a double digit loss, but talk which we have heard before to no effect, there was little to like in yesterday's market.

It was one of those days that instills a false sense of confidence, one of those days when newscasters across the country are heard to say, "the Dow reversed sharp early losses to end the day solidly on the plus side", one of those days where the performance of the major averages masks a continued deterioration of the broader market.

As has become par for the course, the underlying technical picture was anything but healthy, with decliners leaders advancers 18 to 11, new lows swamping new highs 27 to 367, and the Dow Transports and the S&P 500 losing ground even as the Dow Industrials and NASDAQ perked up....and then there was the bond market.

The bond market remained on full inflation alert, with yields on 30-year treasuries pushing up to 6.31%, a level which essentially mutes any prospects of the stock market embarking on a sustainable 'next leg up'.

Yesterday's bond market woes, as well as the continued market-jarring  saber-rattling of the Fed, can be placed squarely at the foot of the unrelenting strength of consumer demand.  A closer look at yesterday's release of retail sales paints a far different picture than the headline figure would suggest. Core Retail Sales shot up at 0.6% during September, twice the expected increase, as consumers remained undaunted by rising interest rates.

It is the inability of two Fed rate hikes to curb the growth of consumer spending that spells further trouble for the U.S. stock and bond markets.

While the release of today's PPI numbers has the potential to spark powerful bond and stock market rallies if the numbers come in better than expected,  any such rally is likely to enjoy a limited stay before the jitters once again return to dampen spirits.

Until consumer demand eases from its torrid pace, the threat of inflationary bottlenecks emerging will remain, and uncertainty will dominate the markets, with the prospects of further rate hikes by the Fed looming.

Since consumer spending remains undeterred in the face of surging interest rates, further action will be needed to tame its growth.  In order for consumer demand to ease, consumer confidence will have to drop from its near record levels, a drop which will only be brought about by one, or a combination of, three events: rising unemployment, a severe stock market selloff and a contraction of still near record P/E ratios, or sharply higher interest rates.

Unemployment is unlikely to rise, nor is labor market tightness likely to ease, before consumer spending drops off, and so the fear of job loss can be ruled out as a factor that will cause consumer spending to dip.  The burden thus rests on the stock market, and/or interest rates,  to slow consumer demand.

The path to the end of the market's 5-month battle with uncertainty, and the path to the end of the current Fed rate hike cycle, will likely not be in sight until market conditions deteriorate much further.  The above trend portfolio gains of equity investors in recent years have helped to ease the impact of this year's rise in interest rates, and thus a rise in long bond yields to 7% is not out of the question, for it could take rates this high before the consumer begins to feel the impact.

In order for a stock market decline to impact consumer spending, any decline will have to be deep and sustained-- a short-lived, sharp v-shaped bottom like last October's will not do the trick of slowing demand.

To answer our earlier question, now is definitely not the time to be Buying on the Dips

Granted, a further deterioration of the situation in Brazil, or an outright collapse, would have devastating effects on Latin American economies and heavily exposed major U.S. money center banks.  It would also have a serious effect on economic growth in the U.S.  The damage that a Brazilian collapse poses are small, however, in comparison to the underlying systematic damage that has already been done to the U.S. economy by a combination of unsupervised thrill-seeking amateurs, irresponsible policy makers, and shortsighted executives who have unwittingly built the greatest economic pyramid scheme since the late 1920's. 

The Fed's expansive monetary policy during the last 5 years, and the resulting flow of dollars flooding into U.S. equity markets, have driven equity markets above the high end of their historical valuation range extremes .   As the liquidity driven bull market has gathered steam, the public, sensing a sure fire money maker, has stampeded into its midst.  The resulting inflows of individual investor's money have served to drive the market ever higher.  With each surge in equity prices the individual has grown more confident that investing in the stock market is the path to riches.  Emboldened by the rise in their portfolio values, the consumer has gone on a spending spree thus pumping more money into the economy which ultimately finds its way back to the stock market.  The combination of an overly expansive monetary policy, a rising  stock market, and increased consumer spending have created a self feeding economic boom that relies on one hand to feed the other.   It is the economic equivalent of a ponzi scheme, in which each person who joins the party adds more cash to the game thus creating the illusion of a growing, healthy economy.   Like a pyramid scheme, the "recession proof,new economy" relies on the entrance of new participants to sustain its growth.  This artificially created expansion has instilled in the public a false sense that "this time it is different", "recessions are a thing of the past".  

With each 1000 point rise in the Dow, the ranks of individual investors participating in the stock market have increased.  In scenes reminiscent of the height of stock market fever in mid 1990's Singapore and Malaysia, shopkeepers and hairdressers now bark out orders to their brokers from cell phones.   "Playing" the stock market has replaced baseball as the public's sport of choice.  Internet based stock picking contests have helped create a carnival atmosphere about the market.  The contest winners boast of their stock picking prowess in the 1990's equivalents of the 1920's speakeasy: the chat rooms and message boards of Silicon Investor and Yahoo Finance.  The confidence of the individual has grown with each upward leap in asset values.  Every doorman and cab driver in New York is now an expert stock picker.  Fundamentals and lessons from  the past no longer matter to this new breed of investor who believes that 20% annual gains are a given and an internet stock is the ticket to wealth.

Analysts, market gurus, and newsletter writers have also become believers.  The percentage of advisors who are bullish is at its highest since January 1992 (Just before the last biotech bubble burst). Analysts have tossed aside the valuation measures of the past.  A new type of analysis has been invented to fit the new economy. Actual earnings are no longer a concern. Celebrity analysts recommend stocks with market caps of $12 billion and sales of $45 million as screaming buys to their legion of followers who dutifully bid the price up.  Internet gurus, knowing a good long term investment when they see one, recommend stocks like Broadcast.Com because it is now a value at $150 (never mind that in the 2 prior days it had risen from the mid 80's to $270 before falling back, or that it has no earnings).   Money managers are heard to exclaim, "The type of excitement that we saw in the internet stocks in December has spilled over to the rest of the market.  This is bullish for the market."  Yes, excitement is the order of the day. We're told that a new technological revolution is at hand that demands new valuation measures.   We're told that market history no longer matters.  Unfortunately, we've seen this saga played out many times before.  It's called a bubble, and history does repeat in the stock market.

In a bubble, it is the individual investor who is the last to arrive and the last to leave. Sadly, the individual investor's inexperience with past market history and the flip side of a bull market often leaves him unprepared for the inevitable end of the bubble and the market's return to historical valuation norms.  In previous market bubbles the psychology of the individual investor has mirrored that displayed by today's chat room cowboy.  The current gung ho, "I've found the secret to market riches" attitude exhibited by many inexperienced investors is similar to that shown by many beginning futures traders  who start out their trading career with a string of wins and think, "This is easy. I'm guaranteed 40% returns." Unfortunately these are the same individuals who dominate the ranks of the 80% of traders who leave the futures trading field by the end of their first year.   Just as overconfidence and excitement are an anathema to a long term career as a futures trader, they are the fatal flaws of an individual investor at a market top.   With nearly 40% of U.S. households invested in the stock market, and with a large percentage of them exhibiting excessive enthusiasm and  believing that 20% returns are the norm, the outlook  is anything but rosy when the current bubble bursts and reality sets in.

The belief that this time it's different has been played out during each previous market bubble.  The discarding of past valuation models in favor of new models that  are developed to accommodate the excessive valuation levels of a new high growth industry is nothing new.  The 1920's radio stock craze, the late 1960's computer industry bubble, the early 1980's PC bubble, and the biotech stock bubble were all accompanied by a belief that a breakthrough technology justified  new valuation methods.  The belief that a new technology would change the world is not unique to the internet, neither are the valuation excesses and the justifications given for them, or the buying frenzies to get in on the next sure thing.     The fate of investor's who jumped on an internet bandwagon that has already reached manic levels while disregarding history will  not be unique either.

A sudden bursting of today's  stock market bubble would have disastrous consequences for the U.S. economy.  The underlying economy continues to weaken, with pricing power nonexistent, over capacity rampant, labor costs rising, and corporate operating earnings in decline.  The economy, which has relied on consumer spending to generate growth and create the illusion of a healthy economy,  would be thrown into a tailspin if the consumer were suddenly forced to cut back (or if the consumer were forced to stop spending more than he makes). With the S&P500 trading 50% above historical norms, any break in the illusion of endless economic growth could be disastrous for the heavily invested investor on Main Street.   If the U.S. hopes to avoid the fate of 1990's Japan (or of a similar technology driven bubble era: the 1920's), steps must be taken now to ensure that the air is let out of the bubble slowly.

An effort must be made to take some of the froth out of the market.  We commend the efforts recently taken by Merrill Lynch and several other brokerage firms to rein in their customers' internet feeding frenzy, but much more needs to be done.  Many market gurus, members of the financial press, newsletter writers, and (dare we say) internet stock analysts need to pick up a book on market history before continuing to advise their faithful followers to make the same mistakes that have doomed others during past market bubbles.

Perhaps the biggest effort of all must come from the Federal Reserve.  The Fed must not wait until after the fact to address a problem, as it did when it cut rates in late 1998.  The dangerous over use of derivatives and inadequate risk management practices employed by many firms were widely known and ignored for several years before the Fed acted when ultimately faced with disaster.   The Greenspan Fed has helped to inflate the bubble, and it must take steps now to slowly let the air out of it before it explodes.  Merely voicing concern over the extended valuations of the market is not enough to stop the bubble from expanding.  The public's feeding frenzy (not to mention its ingrained  belief in eternal 20% annual gains) has reached a level where words of warning are no longer heard over the voices saying, "It's a sure thing. Valuations don't matter. No price is too high."  The Fed must act now by either raising margin requirements or bumping up interest rates a 1/4% point.  Acting now would produce an initial sharp correction, but it would ensure the future health of the market.  If the Fed fails to act the U.S. will be doomed to repeat history, in this case the history of 1990's Japan.